According to @caprioleio, the crypto stack needs node consensus and hardware wallet upgrades for a quantum-resilient future, asserting current Ledger devices would be useless in a quantum world; source: @caprioleio post on X dated Dec 18, 2025. Bitcoin and Ethereum rely on ECDSA or EdDSA signatures that are theoretically vulnerable to sufficiently large quantum computers via Shor’s algorithm, implying current wallet schemes need mitigation; sources: NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography project, Bitcoin.org Developer Guide, Ethereum.org developer documentation. NIST has selected post-quantum algorithms such as CRYSTALS-Dilithium for signatures and Kyber for key establishment, and these schemes typically have larger keys and signatures than ECDSA which could increase on-chain data and fees if adopted at the base layer; sources: NIST PQC standardization announcements, Open Quantum Safe benchmark data. Migrating BTC and ETH to post-quantum cryptography would require protocol-level changes ratified through consensus and coordinated wallet key rotations, which introduces upgrade execution risk that must be managed by core developers and vendors; sources: Bitcoin.org documentation on soft forks and consensus changes, Ethereum EIP process documentation and AllCoreDevs notes. For trading, monitor official PQC roadmaps from hardware wallet vendors, core developer discussions on PQ signatures, on-chain activity signaling large-scale key rotations, and derivatives pricing for tail-risk repricing in BTC and ETH after quantum-security headlines; sources: Ledger developer documentation, Bitcoin-dev mailing list archives, Ethereum AllCoreDevs meeting notes, Deribit market data.